33.In your opinion what are the pros and cons of Police Collective Assignment - 1

33.In your conclusion what are the upsides and downsides of Police Collective Bargaining. Clarify - Assignment Example The aftereffects of the normal preventive watch were as per the following: difference in recurrence of watches was not really seen by residents, occupant and business wrongdoings were not influenced by some random degree of police watches, the test beats didn't show critical contrasts in wrongdoing report rates, level of police watches didn't influence dread of wrongdoing, and there were no varieties in resident fulfillment with the police (Gaines and Kappeler, 2011). These discoveries delineate a part of giving no consideration to police powers by the residents. At the end of the day, apparently the residents are either used to the police to a degree that they can't see watch varieties, or that crime percentages continue as before with or without the police nearness. Asset allotment to police powers doesn't appear to impact open recognition to security, wrongdoing, and police powers. With regards to the surveyed circumstance by Kansas City, police powers have all the earmarks of being viewed as a day by day schedule. The wellbeing, crime percentage, and security concerns continued as before over the three beats of trials that were held in Kansas (Gaines and Kappeler, 2011). This offers an understanding into the open police relations in Kansas

The Garden-Party free essay sample

â€Å"The Garden-Party† by Katherine Mansfield can without much of a stretch be named a transitioning story for the principle character and storyteller, Laura Sheridan. The closure of the story leaves the peruser with a lot a bigger number of inquiries than answers. This is for the most part on the grounds that Laura herself can't articulate what she has gained from her new involvement in death. â€Å"She halted, she took a gander at her sibling. ‘Isn’t life,’ she stammered, ‘Isn’t life â€â€™ But what life was she couldn’t explain† (Daley 218). As a peruser, it is difficult to arrive at any kind of decision about what she detracted from the experience in light of the fact that the creator gives us such a questionable reaction which to base the whole story off of. Mansfield’s innovatively developed end leaves space for understanding from the peruser with regards to what Laura will gain from this experience and what her definitive result will be. Laura’s battle inside herself is evident from the earliest starting point of the story. We will compose a custom article test on The Garden-Party or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page She is seen by perusers as being totally different from the remainder of her family and appears to battle with acting naturally and adjusting to the standards of her group like the remainder of the family seems, by all accounts, to be doing. â€Å"But Meg couldn't in any way, shape or form proceed to administer the men. She had washed her hair before breakfast, and she sat drinking her espresso in a green turban, with a dull wet twist stepped on each cheek. Jose, the butterfly, consistently descended in a silk slip and a kimono jacket† (Daley 206). Laura’s sisters are totally self-retained and their essential spotlight is on their outward appearance which undoubtedly was a taken in quality from their own mom. Laura does anyway surrender to a couple of social standards all through the work, however sees the result as very disappointing. â€Å"‘Good morning,’ she stated, replicating her mother’s voice. However, that sounded so frightfully influenced that she was embarrassed, and stammered like a little girl†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Daley 207). Laura attempts to emulate her mother’s voice that she utilized when talking with her inferiors, yet it nearly appeared to be off-base for her to claim to be something that she wasn’t. While the remainder of her family finds remaining inside their social class agreeable, plainly Laura makes progress toward something else. This becomes more clear as she keeps on interfacing with the working men who have come to set up the marquee for the gathering. Her experience with three specialists employed to raise the tent is mistaking and cumbersome for Laura, as she winds up conflicted between vainglory and her creating feeling of good duty. She fantasizes about the amount increasingly pleasurable it would be on the off chance that it was satisfactory for her to associate with the working men since they see considerably more intriguing than the young men she is compelled to invest energy with. The closure of the story could demonstrate as a point where Laura proceeds down an unexpected way in comparison to every other person in her family since she holds an alternate arrangement of qualities contrasted with the remainder of her family. Laura’s recommendation to counterbalance the gathering of regard for their neighbor’s passing was met with much excusal and even mockery which further approves this point. â€Å"‘Stop the nursery gathering obviously. ’ Why did Jose imagine? Be that as it may, Jose was still increasingly astounded. ‘Stop the nursery party? My dear Laura, don’t be so preposterous. Obviously we can’t do anything of the sort. No one anticipates that us should. Don’t be so extravagant’† (Daley 212). As a peruser, it is stunning to see that is noticeably agitated with the updates on her neighbor’s demise, yet doesn't get even an ounce of compassion from any one in her family. It’s amazing that even her own mom doesn’t attempt to see the circumstance through the eyes of a kid, yet on the opposite advises her to â€Å"use her basic sense† (Daley 213) and persuades her that the gathering must go on. Demise can be a horrible encounter for a kid, yet it appears as though the lower status of the perished is the motivation to why the guardians don't want to address the issue with Laura. They don’t see the need to consider the sentiments of their neighbors who aren’t also off as them and eventually Laura getting derailed her need to accomplish something when he mother gives her the delightful cap to wear to the gathering. The second where Laura can recapture some her humankind is during her outing to drop off the blossoms to the family. It is at the time when she strolls into the kitchen of the lamenting widow and acknowledges how she should be seen by the family. â€Å"His head was soaked in the pad, his eyes we shut; they were visually impaired under the shut eyelids. He was offered up to his fantasies. What did cultivate gatherings and bins and trim gowns matter to him? He was a long way from every one of those things† (Daley 217). When Laura is distant from everyone else with the dead man, she is unforeseen overpowered by the serenity of the body. Laura’s paltry life appears to be abruptly unimportant even with death. Despite the fact that the time spent at the gathering made her adjust to the standards and float along with things, Laura is shocked go into feeling more not quite the same as any other time in recent memory in the wake of seeing passing just because. Her amazement even with death is by all accounts her method of attempting to get away from her family’s moral corruption. At the point when she comes back from her outing to convey blossoms, she can't understandable what she has quite recently experienced, yet in any case Laurie rushes to concur with her. From the start this can be viewed as a lie so as to snag her go into the family and their method of living. In any case, it can likewise be seen as Laurie truly having the option to comprehend what she is feeling at that time, yet perhaps never had the mental fortitude or want to take care of business. Laura all through the story is by all accounts just attempting to build up her own personality and make sense of where she fits in her general surroundings. Taking everything into account, despite the fact that the closure of the story leaves a lot of space for translation, it might be sheltered to state that through numerous examples all through the short story that Laura will proceed down an alternate way from the remainder of her family. It is anything but difficult to see as a peruser that she sees things diversely and even her own family observes her along these lines. It might be for this very explanation she is classified as the â€Å"artistic† one in the family. The closure might be disappointing to perusers, yet it opens the entryway for change in Laura’s life. She has seen demise very close and learns a truly significant exercise, which is by all accounts lost or profoundly covered up by the remainder of her family, about the importance of life and passing in a world where every single individual offer a typical mankind.

Mockumentary Essays - Film Genres, English-language Films

Mockumentary Mockumentary: Addressing Reality and the Tenets of Documentary Film Itself A fake narrative is fruitful when it can consolidate both the presence of generally precise components and present convincing circumstances through a bogus focal point, driving the crowd to scrutinize the truth of what they are seeing. The class of bogus narrative expects to introduce a persuading story using dependable narrative strategies to depict an anecdotal narrative. Each false narrative relies upon its watchers accepting its reason. The dream of acceptability is regularly either affirmed or crushed by the credits. Every now and again the crowd initially learns the individuals on the screen were on-screen characters, and that they have fallen prey to the thick cloak of authenticity that narrative movies are so ready to depict. To catch the crowds trust chiefs of fake narrative movies apply huge numbers of the strategies and shows Mock narratives serve to leave the crowd scrutinizing the truth and authenticity of what they see in the theater and at home. The false narrative can be both genuine and phony, both stunning and hilarious, both anticipated and real. The starting point of the mockumentary extends back to the absolute starting point of film. The counterfeit narrative as a kind owes a lot to both fiction and verifiable movies. In any case, since a mockumentary embraces the proper conduct of a narrative it attests a feeling of authenticity. In the late twentieth century narrative movies utilized a component of fakery to add to the believability of the recording. War scenes were additionally portrayed via cardboard patterns of vessels and frequently arranged in patio tidal ponds. In Robert Flaherty's 1922 film, Nanook of the North, Eskimo life should be appeared as it existed without impact. Notwithstanding, this film which should portray how Eskimos truly lived was intensely formed by Flaherty, and ended up being a narrative of how Eskimos lived when a camera was in their middle. These examples of misrepresentation are the antecedents of the mockumentary classification, however they fill totally different needs. The bogus pictures i n the early movies were utilized to give realness; counterfeit scenes were utilized to incorporate the activity and occasions that the camera couldn't catch to add to the believability of their recording. At the point when the camera couldn't genuinely be there and acquire the real film, or when the film didn't turn out the way the documentarians needed they would essentially go through bogus film to make for what was lost. The reason was if the crowd had the option to see even a re-institution, they would be progressively adept to accept that it really happened. The objective of the mockumentary isn't to improve validity however to unequivocally scrutinize the credibility of what the crowd is seeing. While huge numbers of these early narrative movies utilized fakery to add to the authenticity the chiefs were attempting to depict, mock narratives are set up to look as sensible as conceivable both to deceive the crowd, and furthermore to provoke them to address what they acknowledge as matter-of-actuality. For whatever length of time that narratives have existed they have decorated reality and mistreated the narrative structure to cause reality to appear to be increasingly acceptable. In the start of narrative film the crowd was not prepared to address what was genuine and what had been arranged, film was new and individuals were not scrutinizing the fact of the occasions they were tolerating as genuine. Erik Barnouw, creator of Documentary: A History of the Non-Fiction Film, expresses that chiefs of false narratives start with an anecdotal occasion or individual, and decorate the fiction to cause it to appear to be increasingly trustworthy or persuading. As a rule the point of mockumentaries is to parody the narrative structure. Still today, longer than 10 years since the appearance of film the connection among pictures and truth stays obscured. As sited in Bill Nichols, Blurred Boundaries, unscripted tv, programs like Cops and The Real World, today fill in as further delineations of one-sided narrative work. These unscripted tv programs slant the point of view of the crowd and control the focal point to obscure reality. In Dirk Eitzen's When Is a Documentary? Narrative as a Mode of Perception, he closes; All narratives whether they are regarded, at long last,

The Pros and Cons of Replacing School Textbooks with Individual Student Laptops - 550 Words

The Pros and Cons of Replacing School Textbooks with Individual Student Laptops (Essay Sample) Content: The Pros and Cons of Replacing School Textbooks with Individual Student Laptops [Name of Author] [Institutional Affiliation]The Pros and Cons of Replacing School Textbooks with Individual Student Laptops Historically, the greatest achievements made by humanity in attempting to improve life and solve problems relate to science and technology. Successive innovations in these fields have assisted in creating more efficient academic and healthcare systems. One of the most outstanding of such is the invention of computers. Besides the fact that computers provide a faster and more efficient means of accessing information, they remain the most ideal for academic research and have the highest ability to multitask as opposed to other gadgets and analogue printed books. It is because of these abilities that the idea of replacing printed school textbooks with individual student laptops has elicited controversial arguments among scholars and professionals in educational institutions. According to Thompson (2013), computers have current information, are elegant, and present numerous advantages which make them more suited for academics compared to school textbooks. Despite the common belief that computers are costly, an analysis by Pavlik (2008) indicated that the cumulative cost of buying textbooks across the year exceeds that of buying a laptop and maintaining it over the same duration. Notably, individual laptops can still last beyond five years and eliminate the renewed cost of annual purchases. Besides, computers can link individuals across the world through web connections, have superior ‘search and find’ options in relation to academic content, and have full time access to numerous online libraries all day and night. In the same way, it is worth noting that an individual cannot buy all the printed books they need. This is due to financial limitation and the fact that it would be cumbersome to keep thousands of books. The process o f accessing printed books from physical libraries may involve travelling from one library to another in the event that some books exist in one and not the other. Other advantages of computers presented by Johnstone (2003) indicated that they are mobile and have a larger carrying capacity. A student could easily store thousands of digital ebooks on one laptop. When printed, these could require a whole warehouse. Printed textbooks may present useful information but get outdated soon after they are published. In the view of Pavlik (2008), the greatest advantage of individual laptops is their ability to avail all book publications for direct comparison while giving quicker and more proficient access options. Other elements in computers that do not exist in printed textbooks include access to audio and video presentations. As argued by Thompson (2013), these enhance learning and make classroom activities more realistic. Conversely, many scholars still prefer printed books to student lapt ops because of some evidently advantageous elements. For those students studying fewer subjects, textbooks remain quite cost effective. Again, Johnstone (2003) explained that they offer tactile experiences and present the true meaning of text...

Terrorism And Its Impact On Global Politics - 1734 Words

Introduction Terrorism has a very significant impact in global politics. The impact on global politics is now more significant than ever before, due to the rise of terrorist organisations such as the Islamic State and al-Qaeda. Terrorists use attacks to create chaos and fear in society, forcing global political reactions to control the threat. Fear created through the media is believed to exaggerate the global threat posed by terrorism. Terrorism is able to dramatically change the scope of global politics forcing states to reconsider many policies including the immigration, spending and defence. Body Terrorism is considered very difficult to define, there is no definitive definition of terrorism with governments and organisations offering different definitions. While their is not universal definition for terrorism, the U.S. Department of Defence defines terrorism as ‘The unlawful use of violence or threat of violence to instil fear and coerce governments or societies. Terrorism is often motivated by religious, political, or other ideological beliefs and committed in the pursuit of goals that are usually political.’ Modern terrorism poses many threats to governments over the world, the fear of terrorist attacks has risen with attacks in major cities such as the attacks in Paris, France on 13 November 2015, resulting in 137 deaths, with injuries to a further 368 people. 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Christine Fair And Bryan Shepherd s Research Note1567 Words   |  7 Pagesupon demand for terrorism (also known as support) to address empirical lacunae in exploring detailed demographic and psychographic variables among fourteen countries with predominantly Muslim populations or with large Muslim minorities in 2002. Whereas many of previous research focused upon the supply of terrorist work force and the shared characteristics of terrorists, the present research note represents a quantitative effort to understand the segments of the demand for terrorism. The research noteRead MoreNorth Korea s Confrontational And Unpredictable Behavior1261 Words   |  6 PagesThe impact North Korea poses on the global community outweighs its geographical size. Having only a landmass about the size of Mississippi, North Korea houses a population of 23 million people. This small communist county is one of the most isolated and controlled places in the world. 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Following the attack, it was difficult for New York to derive the specific economic costs, hence making it harder for the American government to introduce plans aiming to resolve the situation. However after examining and quantifying the impact of the attack a leading team of New York economists and consultants have detailed the effects. The economic impact is likely to totalRead MoreThe Impact Of Media Coverage On Public Perception1701 Words   |  7 Pagesall terrorist attacks, all receiving little to zero coverage through Western media. Media coverage impacts public perception, it influences the how people â€Å"learn, understand, and think about an issue† (Powell, 2011). At the University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign, students consume Western media in all types of forums. But exposure of angled content can create a very specific viewpoint on a global issue that requires perspectives from all sides of the subject. University of Illinois-Urbana ChampaignRead MoreInternational Relations And Global Politics2443 Words   |  10 PagesKegley and Raymond stated: â€Å"The shape of the world’s future will be determined not only by changes in the objective conditions of world politics, but also by the meanings people ascribe to these conditions.† Terrorism is presently a major fac tor in international relations and has impacted the world to change in many significant ways. Terrorism is a political ideology that has been problematic in defining definitely because of its various interpretations around the world, as well as the fact thatRead MoreTerrorism And Its Effects On The World And Society1385 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent definitions of terrorism. Terrorism is mostly associated with murder and killings by a certain religious group. It would mostly target a certain group of people or politics. Terrorism started with radical ideas of a certain party and it would slowly grow into an organization. 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Child Labour free essay sample

The paper concludes by suggesting and recommending ways of positively managing child labour. Such include vast grassroots information campaigns and counselling on the hazardous effects of child labour and its economic values. It also discusses the roles federal/state governments can play through public education and enforcement of the universal basic education goals; introduction of a modified school curriculum that puts the recipients of child labour into consideration; creating and supporting rehabilitation and integration programmes and the enactment of penalties and sanctions against perpetuators negative child labour. Key Words: Bonded child labour, child work, child trafficking, cultural practice, exploitation, child prostitution, rehabilitation, self-reliance. Introduction: Child labour has been the main thrust of universal discussion over a period of time. Journalists, psychologists, sociologists, politicians, philanthropists and even literary artists have deliberated on and sought for ways of stopping this exploitative and hazardous phenomenon to no 28 Edo Journal of Counselling Vol. 3, No. 1, 2010 avail. Governments, social activists, international organizations and other groups all have their own interpretations of the term. Generally speaking, child labour is â€Å"work for children that harms them or exploits them in some way (mentally, physically or by blocking their access to education)†. It is important to realize that not all work can be considered child labour. Children undertaking a few hours of household chores, helping out with the family shop, or doing school related work is actually beneficial for them. Such work will not hamper the education, but in fact helps improve social skills and enables to learn a new trade. While some types of work like soldiering and prostitution are universally considered unacceptable for a child, several social scientists have their own benchmarks for child labour. As UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report puts it, Children’s work needs to be seen as happening along a continuum, with destructive or exploitative work at one end and beneficial work promoting or enhancing children’s development without interfering with their schooling, recreation and rest at the other. And between these two poles are vast areas of work that need not negatively affect a child’s development. There are industries and individuals who employ young children and put them to work under gruelling situations. Millions of children in India and abroad are forced to work long hours threading carpets or manufacturing fireworks. The conditions under which they work can be best described as torture. Most of them do not even get to see the light of day; education is a distant dream. Child labour is a complex problem affecting all countries of the world. Even though it mainly stems from poverty, a wide variety of social, cultural, economic and political factors are responsible for its existence. Most countries have laws against child labour. Children over the age of thirteen can perform light work; at fifteen, regular work is permissible and at eighteen years of age, one may take part in all types of work. The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that over 400 million children between 5 and 14 years of age are currently involved in some type of paid work or labour worldwide. Even though Asia and Africa account for most instances of child labour, it is not confined to these continents. In spite of all the laws protecting children, we find that child labour is still rampant, more so in India and other south and south-east Asian countries. The various social organizations which have sprung up in order to combat it have barely managed to put a dent in the number of child labourers. In some cases, the parents of the children force them into employment because of poverty and in others the children themselves enrol in it voluntarily. In the subsequent sections, we attempt to document the various facets of child labour, the reaction of the international community towards it and the extent of success of the measures undertaken. Based on this information, we will attempt to suggest measures to combat child labour. Why include children in the workforce? One of the main reasons children are included in the workforce is because of the low costs. Children also tend to be very quick in learning new skills. Their inclusion has been justified on the grounds that their â€Å"nimble fingers† can work with certain types of machinery that adults cannot. In the early nineteenth century, children were made to work in mines in England because most of the shafts were too narrow for adults to pass through. Most young children are so innocent that they are not aware of their rights; the generally do not protest or go on strikes or demand better pay, in other words they can be easily controlled. Main causes of Child Labour 1) Poverty: As of 2010, 37% of India’s 1. 2 billion people are below poverty line. Also the World Bank estimates that a third of the world’s poor resides in India and poverty is the main cause of child labour. Parents are forced to send their children for labour because they need means for survival. Monetary constraints and need for food clothing and shelter drive parents to send their children to hazardous jobs even though their heart does not agree. That’s why you frequently see parents sending their children to industries and also find children picking plastic bottles, polythene bags, paper etc. from huge pile of rubbish. We can also see children begging along with their parents for survival, some get their eyes blinded and limbs amputated for begging. Girls who are in their teens are forced into prostitution; some are sewing from day break to night fall. So poverty has a deep impact on children being forced into child labour. Also, in poorer families if the single bread earner becomes ill then the whole family gets affected and has a huge impact on their survival. So this is one of the primary reasons why poverty urges parents to send their children for labour. Some of the poorer families also have more number of children and this adds to their woes and forces them to send their children for child labour. Though poverty is one of the main causes of child labour, it may not be always a cause for child labour. For example, in poorer regions of Kerala child labour is very less and the reason is attributed to its high HDI. 2) Population Explosion: [pic] According to the Provisional Population Totals of Census 2011, the population of India is estimated to be around 1. 21 billion and which is growing at a rate of 1. 58% per year. According to the statistics provided by UNICEF, there are an estimated 250 million children aged 5 to 14 years employed in child labour worldwide and this figure is continuously increasing. Because of this population burst, there is scarcity of resources and when there is scarcity and more mouths to feed, children also are sent to work. Table 1 Percentage of children in total population |Age group |1991 |2001 | 2006 | |0-4 |12 |10. 7 |10. 4 | |5-9 |13. 2 |12. 5 |10. 7 | |10-14 |11. 9 |12. 1 |11 | |5 -14 |25. 1 |24. 6 |21. 7 | |0-14 |37. |35. 3 |32. 1 | Note: 1991 Population Census figures excluded J K State and for Comparative purposes figures for J K for 2001 were excluded. Source: Population Census 1991 and 2001 and Population Projections, Based on 2001 Census of India, (2006) including J K [pic] As we can see from the above tables and graphs that the population of children has decreased over the decades from 1991 to 2001. The reduction in child population in India is attributed to a reduction in the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) especially in the states of Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Gujarat. But TFR remains high in some of the states like UP, Bihar, Rajasthan and MP. It can be seen that the proportion of children in population has an effect on child Labour. Number of empirical studies on child labour has associated large family size with high incidence of child labour (Source: VV Giri National Labour Institute, 1999). 3) Lack of Primary Education for children Lack of quality primary education in the rural areas makes people look for better profitable alternatives. This forces parents to send their children for child labour. Since India’s independence the number of children attending school has increased from 19. 2 million in 1950-51 to 113. 8 in 2000-01 (Source UNICEF India). But this increase is very less when compared to the total increase in population of children over the last few decades. But several problems persist. Of India’s 7, 00,000 rural schools, only one in six have toilets deterring children especially girls from going to school. Also schools are facing shortages in resources, classrooms and teachers. In addition, there are social and cultural factors like caste differences, discrimination against the girl child etc. hat play a crucial role for parents to resist in sending their children to schools and prefer child labour instead. |[pic] | | © UNICEF India | |Girls ready for class. | | | According to International Labour Organization (ILO), if child labour will be banned and all children get proper education the worlds total income would be raised by nearly 22% over 20 yea rs, which accounts for more than $4 trillion. ) Parental Illiteracy The illiteracy among parents makes them to take irrational decisions and thereby send their children for labour. Because of their ignorance they do not understand the importance of education which is very much needed for the mental development of the child. From the below table, percentage of child labour and rural literacy has an inverse relationship. So lack of primary education among the children will increase the chances of child labour. 5) Social Apathy Most of the times in urban India, you see children working as maids in households of the upper middle class and the elite. This social apathy shown by many individuals in our society also leads to child labour. These people are not at all apologetic for employing these children for doing household work. Also we see many restaurant owners employing children as chaiwalas and utensil cleaners. |Location |Incidence (%) |% Total Rural| | |of Child Labour| | | | |Literacy rate| |Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh) |25. 2 |13. | |Surguja (Madhya Pradesh) |11. 1 |24. 98 | |Durg (Madhya Pradesh) |5. 5 |50. 4 | |Kurnool (Andhra Pradesh) |14. 1 |33. 3 | |Mahabubnagar(Andhra Pradesh) |14. 6 |25. 3 | |Saharsa (Bihar) |6 |26. 9 | |Dumka (Bihar) |7. 9 |31. 5 | |Kalahandi (Orissa) |12. |27. 9 | |Koraput (Orissa) |12. 7 |17. 4 | |Periyar (Tamil Nadu) |8. 5 |53. 8 | |Kamarajar (Tamil Nadu) |8. 9 |55. 7 | |Dharampuri (Tamil Nadu) |8. 1 |43. 3 | [pic] Source: National Labour Institute 2000. Also â€Å"strengthening of rural literacy programmes would lead to nearly 50 per cent decline in the incidence of child labour† (National Labour Institute 2000, booklet on Bihar: 2) ) Family practice to inculcate traditional skills in children Some families like potters, blacksmiths, mechanics etc. try to inculcate traditional skills in their children from a very young age. At an age when children should be left free and allowed to play, people force them to learn these skills so that they could convert them into earning machines very soon. Such nature of many families can again be attributed due to poverty, illiteracy and population growth as explained above. 7) Urbanization and Unemployment Adult unemployment and urbanization are also the causes for child labour. When compared to adults, factory owners feel that it is profitable to employ children because of cheap labour rates. Also some of the factory owners think that they can command and control children more easily that their adult counterparts and make them to do hazardous works. Children being innocent and unable to understand the risk of what they are doing agree to do which otherwise are refused by many adults. This exploitation is particularly visible in garment factories of urban areas. You also find a lot of children working in some of the urban restaurants employed for cleaning in their kitchens. Especially in urban areas of south India (Bangalore for example) there are lot of children who come from Bihar and Maharashtra for livelihood and work in restaurants as floor and utensil cleaners. Sometimes, illiterate unemployed adults when they cannot find jobs relax at home and live on the labour of poor helpless children. 8) Industrial Revolution: Though industrial revolution helped in the economics growth of the country it also brought some negative effect like child labour. Sometimes multinationals prefer to employ child workers in the developing countries. This is so because they can be recruited for less pay, more work can be extracted from them and there is no union problem with them. This attitude also makes it difficult for adults to find jobs in factories and as a replacement send their children instead. Exploitation of children by Nike in Pakistan is an example. Nike used children from third world countries in the production of soccer balls and this news upset many US citizens who later boycotted Nike products and demanded Nike not to use child labour in its actories. Nike finally had to come down and change its plan in third world countries. Such incidents by many multinationals are common especially in third world countries. But it is shocking to know that it is not only multinational companies but also some companies set up in rural India which has child labour as its workforce. 9) Ineffective Child Labour laws implementation: Most of the abov e causes of child labour could be curbed by strict and proper implementation of child labour laws. Though we have laws like Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act which imposes punishment for people who employ children as labour ranges from a jail term of three months to two years and/or a fine of 10,000 to 20,000 rupees (about $200-$400), the state is ineffective in implementing them properly. This is because of corruption that is prevalent in India. Many factory owners bribe the Government officials for not taking any legal action against employing child labour in their factories and this is one of the main reasons why the state is ineffective in implementing the child labour laws. Police are unable to bring in charges, to hold someone responsible and to punish the offenders. Prevalence of child labour in India or elsewhere As per the report released by the International Labour Organization, in 2008 there were 215 million children working illegally, almost 14% of all the world’s children under 18. In sub-Saharan Africa, this proportion rises to 25%. Among the 10 to 14 year-old children the working rate is 41. 3% in Kenya, 31. 4% in Senegal, 30. 1% in Bangladesh, 25. 8% in Nigeria, 24% in Turkey, 17. 7% in Pakistan, 16. 1% in Brazil, 14. 4% in India, 11. % in China. The global total includes 115 million children below eighteen years of age engaged in potentially dangerous work which threatens their well-being, such as handling chemicals, carrying heavy loads, mining, quarrying or engaging in long working hours. The remaining 100 million child labourers are those under fifteen years of age the international minimum age for legal employment – whose tasks are not hazardous but are more substantial than â€Å"permitted light work. † Almost all child labour occurs in developing countries, with about 60% engaged in agriculture. Other occupations include domestic service, factory production and backstreet workshops. The darkest category of child labour relates to those children who indulge in criminal activities such as prostitution, military enrolment, slavery (such as bonded labour), or trafficking (which involves the removal of a child from its home, often involving deception and payment, for a wide range of exploitative purposes). These categories are beyond the reach of statistical surveys but the numbers are likely to be over 10 million. Together with hazardous work, they are described as the worst forms of child labour. The small drop in the recorded occurrences of child labour in the three-year reporting period 2005- 2008 is mildly uplifting. The most significant change is the 31% drop in hazardous work for children under 15, but this is countered by a 20% rise amongst the 15-17 year olds. Figures are gender-sensitive for the first time and show that child labour amongst girls fell by 15% over the four years. The accuracy of this child labour data has improved but is based on national surveys conducted over the period 2005-2008. The impact of more recent economic instability and rising food prices on poor households is therefore not yet reflected in the figures. Pros and Cons of Child Labour Even though employing children is considered morally wrong and the UN has condemned it, there has been some debate over it. Points have been brought forward both supporting as well as denouncing child labour. Advantages: 1. Given the fact that a majority of the child workers hail from poverty stricken families in developing countries, child labour is essential for their sustenance. Most of these families live below the poverty line and any extra income is necessary to make ends meet. 2. It gives orphans the opportunity to earn a living and sustain themselves. With no family to care for them, they are usually left to fend for themselves (there are not enough orphanages to house all the orphans). The chances are that the orphans will end up with the same type of job once if they choose to complete their education. They may choose to skip that part and jump into the job market directly. 3. Some employers are of the opinion that if introduced to the nuances of the job early in life, people perform better. Children are far better at learning than adults; hence it is a good idea to get to work earlier. For example, the children of farmers usually end up being farmers themselves, so why not introduce them to it at an early age. This learning opportunity may also help the child become an entrepreneur at a later age. It also helps build their character and work ethic. 4. In the employer’s perspective, child workers are usually easier to handle. They do not demand much and usually obey orders. They need be paid much less than the adult labourers. Children usually do not involve in strikes or protests. 5. The concept of a â€Å"normal childhood† is relatively new and only valid in certain western societies. Historically, children and teenagers have been involved in helping out with the family business, be it agriculture or industry. Until modern times, introducing children to the work early has been the norm and that is how it still is in many developing countries. Disadvantages: 1. Children are not developed enough physically or mentally to handle the stress of certain jobs. They cannot handle tasks assigned to them as well as an adult. 2. Children being innocent and oblivious to the dangers involved in certain tasks tend to be careless and this might lead to accidents in the workplace. 3. Education is one of the basic requirements of a child. No matter what his career choice is, every child deserves to have the basic minimum amount of schooling to learn and develop skills to reach full intellectual potential. Being employed full time deprives them of that opportunity. Many of them remain illiterate throughout their lives, this not only harms the image of the nation in the long run, but the individuals themselves are prone to exploitation. . Children usually get paid less than their adult counterparts even though they work equally if not longer hours. It has been reported that some children are made to work for 15 hours or more. This is blatant exploitation. 5. Exposure to hazardous conditions in industries such as in asbestos, cement or fireworks factories can cause serious physical harm to the children. Their bodies cannot handle it as well as adults. Some dangerous diseases if contracted in the growth stage can leave them crippled for life. This may also reduce their life spans. . Children lack the education or the technical skills necessary to perform certain jobs. Despite what some people argue about children being good at picking up new skills, they cannot compete with professionally trained adults. While hiring children can be economical in the short run, we end up creating a country where the labourers are unskilled and illiterate. 7. Exploiting young and innocent children is morally wrong. Employers tend to cut costs and end up destroying their childhood. International Response to Child Labour Governments of many countries where child labour is rampant are indeed concerned about the issue, recognizing the long-term detrimental impact of child labour on the country as a whole. However, the countries where the problem is most prevalent are often the poorest, and thus limited in what they can do by the resources available to them. However, it is not simply a question of money. Resistance may also come in the form of social barriers, as in the family of the child may not be willing to forego the income. The factory owners may also resist the loss of their cheap labour. Corruption within local law enforcement agencies can also put a dent in the effectiveness of any policy that might be introduced. United Nations After the World War II, United Nations was formed to protect Human Rights after realizing the plight of innocent people and children in the two world wars. United Nations â€Å"Universal Declaration of Human Rights† adopted in 1948 includes Economic, Social and Cultural Rights which calls for compulsory free primary education. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights prohibits slavery, servitude and forced labour and calls for the protection of Minors. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is of special relevance to child labour. It provides basic rights to children such as primary education, freedom of association, freedom of thought, rest and leisure, participation in cultural and artistic life. It protects children from any threat that might be hazardous or harmful to their health, education, physical, mental, spiritual or social development. In Article 32, it calls for countries to: define a minimum age for admission to employment; regulate the hours and conditions of employment and apply sanctions to ensure enforcement of employment legislation. pic] In 1950, on the second anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, students at the UN International Nursery School in New York viewed a poster of the historic document. After adopting it on December 10, 1948, the UN General Assembly had called upon all Member States to publicize the text of the Declaration and to cause it to be diss eminated, displayed, read and expounded principally in schools and other educational institutions, without distinction based on the political status of countries or territories.   Ã‚  (UN Photo) International Labour Organization The ILO was founded in 1919 by Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I. The key requirements of ILO on member states are to: †¢ Pursue a national policy to abolish child labour †¢ Set a minimum age for admission to work †¢ Gradually increase the lower age limit on work till the full physical and mental development of children. †¢ The prohibition and immediate elimination of the worst forms of child labour such as slavery, debt bondage and child prostitution. Key legislative landmarks regarding child labour include: 919: ILO Minimum Age (Industry) Convention No. 5: Establishes 14 years as the minimum age for industrial work 1930: ILO Forced Labour Convention No. 29: Provides for the suppression of forced labour in all its forms 1966: UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: Article 8 confirms that slavery and forced labour are unacceptable 1966: UN International Covenant on Economic, Social Cultural Rights: Art icle 10 seeks protection for young people from economic or other exploitation and requires each State to set a minimum employment age 1973: ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 38: Introducing an obligation to ensure that children are not employed at an age younger than that for completion of compulsory schooling. Associated Recommendation calls to 146 countries to raise minimum employment to 16 years. 1989: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: Affirms the child’s right to the full range of civil, political, social, economic and cultural rights, including protection from work that is counter to the child’s interests. 998: Dakar Declaration Representatives of the Movements of Working Children and youth of Africa, Latin America and Asia met in Dakar (Senegal) to lay done rules to improve the quality of life of Child Labour. 1999: ILO Worst forms of child labour Convention No. 182: addresses the extremes of child labour calling for their immediate elimination Numbers on th e extent, characteristics and determinants of child labour are provided by the Statistical Information and Monitoring Programme on Child Labour (SIMPOC), which is the statistical arm of IPEC. SIMPOC assists countries in the collection, documentation, processing and analysis of child labour relevant data. ILO’s response to child labour The ILO’s International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) was created in 1992 with the goal of the elimination of child labour progressively by providing resources to countries to fight child labour. IPEC has operations in 88 countries, with an annual expenditure of over US$100 million. It is the largest programme of its kind globally and the biggest operational programme of the ILO. IPEC’s partners include employers and workers organizations, other international and government agencies, private businesses, community-based organizations, NGOs, the media, parliamentarians, the judiciary, universities, religious groups and children and their families. IPECs work to eliminate child labour is an important facet of the ILOs Decent Work Agenda. Child labour prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future. It does not eliminate poverty but affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income. Withdrawing children from child labour, providing them with education and assisting their families with training and employment opportunities contribute directly to creating decent work for adults and children. INDUS Child Labour Project The INDUS (India-US) Child Labour Project was an inspirational project of the ILO-IPEC, between Government of India, and the US Department of Labour. It was a US$40 million initiative which started in 2004. The project covered an estimated 80,000 children across 21 districts in 5 major states of India. The project came to an end in March 2009. The INDUS Project target districts include †¢ Madhya Pradesh †¢ Maharashtra †¢ Tamil Nadu †¢ Uttar Pradesh †¢ Delhi INDUS aims to eliminate child labour in these 5 states among 10 hazardous sectors like †¢ Hand-rolled beedi cigarettes †¢ Brassware †¢ Leather, rubber, and plastic footwear †¢ Hand-blown glass bangles †¢ Hand-made locks †¢ Hand-broken quarried stones †¢ Hand-spun/hand-loomed silk thread, yarn and fabric †¢ Fireworks †¢ Hand-dipped matches †¢ Handmade bricks Strengthening Public Education To ensure that children withdrawn from the hazardous sectors do not relapse, Transitional Education Centres (TEC) were established to ease the mainstreaming of children back into schools within 24 months. Education up to Class VI and VII were provided by the TECs. Primary health care including health check-ups, school meals and stationaries were all funded by the project. Each child was paid a stipend of Rs. 100 per month, as long as they attained a minimum attendance rate of 80%. Providing vocational training Vocational centres were established to help children develop basic job skills which make decent incomes in the future viable. In addition to focusing on knowledge, skills and computer literacy, the centres also carried out life enrichment education, which includes basic workers’ rights and the dangers of HIV/AIDS. Traveling allowances of up to a maximum of Rs. 300 per month and toolkits were provided. Providing income-generating opportunities to the families of child labour In an effort to compensate families’ loss of income due to their children not being able to work, training agencies that specialize in micro-enterprise development and skill training were established. These agencies assisted families in selecting an appropriate micro-enterprise or to improve an existing skill. Results of the INDUS Project The proportion of children aged 10–14 who are economically active fell from 8. 7% in 2001 to 6. 6% in 2006, as shown in Table 1. Primary school net enrolment rate between years 2005-2009 was 83%, a more than threefold increase from the 1950s level of 26%. Criticisms of Project Delays in the Transitional Education Centres (TEC) resulted in enrolled children being transferred to public schools at a slow rate. Having completed the education provided by TEC, children were not moved to public schools on time. Progress in the income generation module has also slacked. The monetary benefits were only made available to a few targeted mothers in Tamil Nadu by mid-2007. Child Labour (10-14 years) |Distribution of |No. of employed children |No. of employed children |% of employed children |% of employed children | |children |(2001) |(2006) |(2001) |(2006) | |Male |6804336 |4276744 |8. |6. 7 | |Female |5862041 |3894131 |8. 5 |6. 3 | |Total |12666377 |8082954 |8. 7 |6. 6 | Table 1: Magnitude of child labour in India Response of Corporates Child Labour is becoming an ethical issue for Global Community including businesses. They have an obligation to take responsibility for the influence they have on this issue. Companies across the world are taking a stand against child labour. In addition some companies are working hard to develop clear strategies regarding child labour including not trading with companies which employ children as labour. At the same time, there are also companies that continue to ignore this issue but the public has started voicing concerns regarding the child labour and in today’s information based societies, such concerns can be aired freely and spread rapidly damaging the reputation of such companies and subsequently having other long term implications. World Day against Child Labour is celebrated on June 12th with different themes each year to increase awareness among people regarding the pros and cons of Child Labour. Evolution of the various Constitutional and Legal Provisions relating to Child Labour in India Child labour issues existed not only in India but in other countries and after the formation of United Nations these issues became even more prominent. Even before the constitution came into existence there were some acts enacted for the safety of child labour working in various industries mainly due to international pressures. These were precursor to some of the fundamental rights and legislative provisions giving safety and basic rights to children. Major ones are The Factories Act, 1948: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years. An adolescent aged between 15 and 18 years can be employed in a factory only if he obtains a certificate of fitness from an authorized medical doctor. The Act also prescribes four and a half hours of work per day for children aged between 14 and 18 years and prohibits their working during night hours. The Minimum Wages Act, 1948: Prescribes minimum wages for all employees i n all establishments or to those working at home in certain sectors specified in the schedule of the Act. Central and State Governments can revise minimum wages specified in the schedule. Some consider this Act as an effective instrument to combat child labour in that it is being used in some States (such as Andhra Pradesh) as the basis on which to prosecute employers who are employing children and paying them lower wages. The Mines Act, 1952: The Act prohibits the employment of children below 18 years of age in a mine. Further, it states that apprentices above 16 may be allowed to work under proper supervision in a mine. Legislative Provisions †¢ The Constitution of India (26 January 1950), through various articles enshrined in the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy, lays down that: †¢ No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment (Article 24); †¢ The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age six to 14 years. Article 21 (A)); †¢ The State shall direct its policy towards securing that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of children are not abused and that they are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age and strength (Article 39-e); †¢ Children shall be given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and tha t childhood and youth shall be protected against moral and material abandonment (Article 39-f); The State shall endeavour to provide within a period of 10 years from the commencement of the Constitution for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years (Article 45). Initiatives towards Elimination of Child Labour – Action Plan and Present Strategy The problem of child labour continues to pose a challenge before the nation. Government has been taking various measures to tackle this problem but this is something inextricably weaved into our society due to poverty and illiteracy therefore it requires concrete efforts from all sections of the society to eliminate child labour. In 1979, Government formed a committee called Gurupadswamy Committee to study the issue of child labour and to suggest measures to tackle it. The committee observed that one of the main reasons why children were employed as labour is due to poverty therefore just formulating laws will not be able to eradicate poverty and child labour. The Committee felt the first step should be banning child labour in hazardous areas and regulating the conditions of work in industries where children were working. Based on the recommendations of Gurupadaswamy Committee, the Child Labour (Prohibition Regulation) Act was enacted in 1986. The Act prohibits employment of children in certain specified hazardous occupations and processes and regulates the working conditions in others. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986: The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 16 occupations and 65 processes that are hazardous to the childrens lives and health. These occupations and processes are listed in the Schedule to the Act. Since then the list is increasing. In October 2006, working in the domestic sector as well as roadside eateries and motels were included under the prohibited list of hazardous occupations. And in September 2008, diving as well as process involving excessive heat (e. g. working near a furnace) and cold; mechanical fishing; food processing; beverage industry; timber handling and loading; mechanical lumbering; warehousing; and processes involving exposure to free silica such as slate, pencil industry, stone grinding, slate stone mining, stone quarries as well as the agate industry ere added to the list of prohibited occupations and processes A National Policy on Child Labour was formulated in 1987. This Policy focused on rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations processes. The Action Plan outlined in the Policy for tackling this problem is as follows:   †¢ Strict enforcement of Child Labour Act to ensure that children are not employed in in occupations listed i n the Prohibited list of employments and working conditions are regulated. †¢ Providing general Developmental Programmes for benefiting child labour and their families by employment generation and poverty elimination. In 1988, the National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme was launched in 9 districts of high child labour concentration in the country. Under this scheme, special schools were run for child labour where along with education and vocational training they were also given stipends and other benefits. †¢ Regular inspections and raids to detect cases of violations of Child Labour Act. The coverage of the NCLP Scheme has increased from 12 districts in 1988 to 100 districts in the 9th Plan to 250 districts during the 10th Plan. The next development with respect to child labour laws came in year 2000. The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000: This Act was last amended in 2002 in conformity with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child which covers young persons below 18 years of age. Section 26 of this Act deals with the Exploitation of a Juvenile or Child Employee, and provides in relevant part, that whoever procures a juvenile or the child for the purpose of any hazardous employment and keeps him in bondage and withholds his earnings or uses such earning for his own purposes shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable for fine. In some States, including Karnataka and Maharashtra, this provision has been used effectively to bring to book many child labour employers who are otherwise not covered by any other law and to give relief and rehabilitation benefits to a large number of children. Strategy for the elimination of child labour under the 10th Plan National Child Labour Project (NCLP) Scheme was evaluated by independent agencies in coordination with V. V. Giri National Labour Institute in 2001. Based on the recommendations, the strategy for implementing the scheme during the 10th Plan was devised. It aimed at greater convergence with the other developmental schemes and bringing qualitative changes in the Scheme. Some of the salient points of the 10th Plan Strategy are as follows: †¢ Focused and reinforced action to eliminate child labour in the hazardous occupations by the end of the Plan period. †¢ Expansion of National Child Labour Projects to additional 150 districts. †¢ Ensuring Education of child labour under Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan of Ministry of Human Resource Development and mainstreaming the older students to the formal education system through special schools functioning under the NCLP Scheme. Convergence with other Schemes of the Departments of Education, Rural Development, Health and Women and Child Development for the ultimate attainment of the objective in a time bound manner. The Government and the Ministry of Labour Employment in particular, are rather serious in their efforts to fight Child Labour. The number of districts covered under the NCLP S cheme has been increased from 100 to 250. INDUS, another such Scheme for rehabilitation of child labour in cooperation with US Department of Labour covers another 21 districts. Government is also providing funds directly to the NGOs under the Ministry’s Grants-in-aid Scheme for running Special Schools for rehabilitation of child labour, thereby providing for a greater role and cooperation of the civil society in combating this menace. The implementation of NCLP and INDUS Schemes is being closely monitored through periodical reports, frequent visits and meetings with the District and State Government officials. Elimination of child labour is the single largest programme in the Ministry of Labour activities. Apart from a major increase in the number of districts covered under the scheme, the priority of the Government in this direction is evident in the quantum jump in budgetary allocation during the 10th Plan. Government has allocated Rs. 602 crores for the Scheme during the 10th Plan, as against an expenditure of Rs. 178 crores in the 9th Plan. The resources set aside for combating this evil in the Ministry of labour is around 50 per cent of its total annual budget. The latest act regarding Child Labour is – The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009: Provides for free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years. This legislation also envisages that 25 per cent of seats in every private school should be allocated for children from disadvantaged groups including differently abled children. Apart from all this India is also a signatory to the: †¢ ILO Forced Labour Convention (No. 29); †¢ ILO Abolition of Forced Labour Convention (No. 105); †¢ UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Popular Cases related to Child Labour In 1993, the Supreme Court in Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh ruled that each child has the right to free education until he or she completes the age of 14 years (Artcle 21-A). An important judicial intervention in the action against child labour in India was the M. C. Mehta case (1996) in which The Supreme Court, directed the Union and state governments to identify all children working in hazardous processes and occupations, to withdraw them from work, and to provide them with quality education. The Court also directed that a Child Labour Rehabilitation-cum-Welfare Fund be set up using contributions from employers who contravene the Child Labour Act. In 2005, the M. V. Foundation, an NGO working on child rights brought a public interest litigation petition which argues that child labour up to the age of compulsory education is unconstitutional and is a negation of rights under Article 21-A which provides for compulsory education up to the age of 14. This case is still pending before the Supreme Court. Notably however, under this case the Court has asked the Government to file a status report on the implementation of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Suggestions to stop Child Labour The future of any society or community depends on the well-being of its children. Wordsworth in his famous lines â€Å"child is father of the man† beautifully expressed the above fact. So it becomes very important for a nation to protect its children from premature labour which is hazardous to their mental, physical, educational and spiritual development needs. It is urgently required to save children from the murderous clutches of social injustice and educational deprivation, and ensure that they are given opportunities for healthy, normal and happy growth. The above message has been promoted by several organizations throughout the world. The following are some general guidelines that could be followed to control child labour to some extent. †¢ Top priority must be given to the project related to human resource development dedicated to the child welfare by the central and state governments. †¢ Child labour laws should be strictly implemented at the central and state levels. †¢ Any negligence and corruption regarding child labour offices and circles should be dealt very strictly by judiciary and police force. †¢ India has implemented a country- wide ban recently, on children below fourteen working in the hospitality sector and as well as domestics, this has to be enforced properly. Heavy penalty has to be imposed on any businessmen who violate the law. †¢ The provision of equal and proper opportunities for the educational needs of growing children in accordance with constitutional directives will go a long way in stopping the evil practice of child labour. †¢ Widespread awareness generatio n to create a positive climate for children to go to school and not to work. †¢ Effective utilization of print and electronic media can help in great deal to create awareness in the society. †¢ Programmes are to be conducted on child rights. †¢ Observance of a specific day as ‘Anti Child Labour Day’. June 12th is being observed as Anti Child Labour Day by ILO). Given that the progress made towards wiping out child labour is only marginal in spite of all that has been done so far, clearly only passing laws against child labour is not the way. We must also target the root cause of child labour, which is poverty and illiteracy. We must realize that in a country as large and as diverse as India, these evils are deep-rooted and cannot be taken care of overnight. However with the improvement of the economy, better income distributions, child labour will gradually decline. Education also plays an important role in the eradication of child labour. We have attached a short video regarding stopping child labour. [pic] Success stories of Rescued Child Labourers Shiv, 16, is from Madhepura village in the state of Bihar in India. He has 3 brothers – 8-, 13- and 15-years-old – and 2 sisters, 18- and 20-years-old. Both Shiv’s mother and father work as agricultural labourers. His brothers and his sisters act as supporting hands to their mother when she works on the farms, even Shiv’s 8- and 13-years-old siblings. None of them go to school as there is no school in that village, though there is one in a nearby village. The family uses the additional hands to bring in a little more money, since the family is so poor and no facility for education is available to them. When he was barely seven-years-old, Shiv was lured away from home by a man who had promised him chocolate. The man took him 600 kilometres away from his home to the Varanasi district in India, where he worked in a carpet factory for five years around the clock for no pay. He was abused and beaten by his employer. Have you ever realized that carpets are made by children like me? Shiv asked. Since he worked for no pay and was not allowed to leave the factory, Shiv was considered to be a bonded labourer. The work was hard, Shiv said. He worked 16 hours a day from 4:00 a. m. to 9:00 p. m. , seven days a week with an hour for lunch at 1 p. m. He used to get up at 4:00 a. m. and go to bed at 10:00 p. m. He did not go to school. Shiv live d, slept, and ate in the same room where he worked. He lived and worked with 18 other boys, between 7- and 16-years-old. Shiv was not given proper food. The children go no breakfast. For lunch and dinner, they received very badly cooked rice and lentils. There was no time to play or have fun. Shiv was not allowed to go outside, even though it was very hot and dirty inside and there was no fan. Shiv was often sick and tired, but was never taken to the doctor. He was just given some pills and told to continue working. Often, he cut his fingers while weaving. When this happened the employer filled his cuts with the chemical from a matchstick and cauterized/burned the cuts on his fingers. He said it was very painful. If Shiv ever said no to work, he was subjected to verbal and physical abuse. Shiv did not like his boss, who wanted the boys to work hard and produce more every day. For this he used to beat us. His behaviour was very bad with us. He used to ill-treat us. He always used bad language with us. If there was any small mistake, or when we did not meet the deadline for completing the carpets, we were beaten very badly, Shiv said. This happened quite often, at the employer’s whim. His boss never praised anyone. For five years Shiv worked without any time off. He never went home or saw anyone in his family. He did not enjoy a single day of work. At that time he had no dreams. Shiv did not like his boss, who wanted the boys to work hard and produce more every day. For this he used to beat us. His behaviour was very bad with us. He used to ill-treat us. He always used bad language with us. If there was any small mistake, or when we did not meet the deadline for completing the carpets, we were beaten very badly, Shiv said. He used to ill-treat us. He always used bad language with us. If there was any small mistake, or when we did not meet the deadline for completing the carpets, we were beaten very badly, Shiv said. Since he stopped working, Shiv’s life has totally changed. When he went back to school he felt as if he had a new life. He said, My life has taken a completely new turn. I feel free, free from any pressure. I have learned how to speak and read well. My conduct has improved. I feel now I am getting more respect in the society and, above all, I got to know about my rights. After spending some time at the Mukti Ashram, Shiv became a child activist. He has helped stop child labour by participating in awareness raising campaigns in villages and slums. Shiv’s parents are also very happy that he is attending school. They (my parents) say that I (Shiv) should study and take up some good job. Though they are working as labourers, the next generation should not work as labourers, he said. Shiv was very happy to be in Florence at the Children’s World Congress on Child Labour, but he was also thinking of the children like him who were still working. Now he realizes that there are many boys and girls like him, who work in circuses and end up crippled for life, left on the streets, or sold as camel jockeys. My only ambition is that these children are liberated and have access to quality education, and people listen to them,† he said. Shiv wants to study and become either a good school teacher or a social worker. He also wants to continue working to end child labour and to ensure the rights of all children. He is very optimistic about accomplishing his aspirations. At a press conference during the Children’s World Congress on Child Labour in Florence, Shiv demanded: Children should be removed from work. They should have a chance to play. Adults should work in place of children. They should be given normal 8-hour a day work opportunities for fair wages, and have a chance to move around, meet their families, and provide good food so that their families can have a good life. It is important to listen to the voices of children. All children should have access to free compulsory primary education. The education should be quality to enable children to be productive citizens. The rich people send their children to rich schools, but for the poor children there is no quality education available. Access to quality education should be equal for both the rich and the poor. Children should be educated about their rights along with their normal course of study. References †¢ Wikipedia http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Child_labour †¢ UNICEF’s 1997 State of the World’s Children Report †¢ US Dept. of Labour, By the Sweat Toil of Children, Vo. V: Efforts to Eliminate Child Labour †¢ Child Labour: Targeting the Intolerable (1998)  and other ILO publications http://www. ilo. org. †¢ http://www. childlabor. org †¢ http://www. unicef. org †¢ http://www. ngosindia. com/resources/child_labour. php †¢ http://www. bukisa. com/articles/113972_-pros-and-cons-of-child-labor †¢ http://www. thefirstpost. co. k/44345,news-comment,news-politics,pros-cons Legal Status of Child Labour in India A Comprehensive Report A detailed report on the definition of child labour, its causes, implications, prevalence as well as the international response being taken against it and our own suggestions to curb it. [pic] 2011 Su bmitted on: 08-08-2011 Section F Group 6 – B S Shashank PGP2011584 Anuj Thakur PGP2011559 Shaishav Solanki PGP2011867 Phanindra Kumar J PGP2011775 Mrinal Kumar PGP2011729 S Shruti PGP2011838 Avantika Garg PGP2011583

The Life to Protect free essay sample

This research paper will be talking about the protection of both the humans and animals and how the food chains and the cycle of life are important to maintain the balance of life. it also will be talking about the extinction of animals around the world is a big issue that may or may not be an issue in the cycle of lives and the survival of both humans and animals. From hunters and gatherers to the time when humans take the flight to space and the moon, humans have been at each other’s throats and constantly declaring war on each other for land, power, and fame, but other want peace and keep people from dying. The animals kingdom is consensual at war with themselves as well, but that all comes in a complete circle in the food chains and the cycle of life. Both humans and animals are important because to support each other the food chains and the cycle of life have to be maintained its balance to keep the balance of life in check. We will write a custom essay sample on The Life to Protect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are several books that have many issues with this problem like the Old Man and the Sea, The Great Gatsby, the catcher in the rye, and The Truth. The book Old Man and The Sea have many quotes that have related to how the fisherman and the Native Americans have somewhat similar ways that they treat their fish or the buffalo that they have caught or hunted. One example is â€Å"Fish, he said softly, aloud, Ill stay with you until I am dead.† (Hemingway 105-106) this has shown that Santiago has respect for the fish and wanted to show him his gratitude and how he had saved his life just like the Native Americans did when they hunted the buffalo, not just for sport or to gain a reputation for themselves but to survive. The old man in the book gave the head of the marlin to the boy as a gift for coming back alive from the sea and to show other people that his luck as a fisherman has not yet faded away and a similar thing has happened to the native Americans as well, they used every part of the buffalo such as the skins for clothes, and bones for weapons and tools. The point is that the old man Santiago and the Native America ns are similar because Santiago was being helped by Manolin just like the Native Americans being put in reservation camps and â€Å"kept safe† from others. While on the topic of being protected by people that are using you to get something they want, The Great Gatsby has quotes and actions that related to being used by other and later tossed out like and an old rag. The quote I love you now – isnt that enough? I cant help whats past. (Fitzgerald 132) this shows that Daisy and used Gatsby for his love for her. The other quotes that work together are â€Å" Well I tried to swing the wheel- he broke off and suddenly I guessed the truth. Was Daisy Driving.† (Fitzgerald 143)â€Å" Once in a while she looked up at him and nodded in agreement†(Fitzgerald 145) both of these quotes tell that Daisy knows that if everyone knows that he the one who is â€Å"driving† the car then she won’t be blamed for Myrtle’s death and Gatsby will be the one who will take the blame. She has used Gatsby his feeling towards her to get out of trouble and when she’s done she just toss him out like an old rag. The cycl e never ends the poor get used by the rich for their own benefits and the weak will be dominated by the strong. Protecting the life cycle of both the humans and the animals will sometime lead to something that will throw something off balance. Everywhere around the world there’s invading species like the Africanized bee which is an invasive species to America that is brought from Brazil to increase the production of honey while doing so the African honey bee begins to take over most of South America while the local Brazilian honey bees population is slowly decreasing slowly killing the local populations of animals and bees. There are other invasive species like rabbits, fire ants, starlings and many more. All these invasive species compete with the local species for resources, they have thrown off the balance of the local ecosystem to the point where the animals that are localized to the areas population to go down. Animals is not the only the one that is an invasive species to the world plants can as well as the purple loosestrife which can spread up to 2 million seed every year can t he root of the plant is also preventing other plants nearby to gather nutrients from the ground and lay waste to other plants around the area. Animals and plants are the foundation of our lives, without them society is nothing. Peoples have been using the animals as both a farm animal that provides foods and good for the human to be used and our loyal friend that never betray the trust that human has given to them. The wolf is a great example they protected people when they are just trying to protect their young from harm. They have been with the human that is way passed in the year where people still travels around and carries any necessary item that needs to survived and the wolf is one of the first animals that have helped to carry the good of humanity. Now moving on with the books that tie up to the life cycle and the balance in life. The catcher in the rye is another one of the book that has talked about protecting thing in his own way, Holden the main character Holden who recently lost his brother Allie to leukemia. Losing his brother cause him a great deal of pain both physically and mentally he started now to trust anyone even his own family expect one Phoebe is the little sister to Holden and she knows how Holden is feeling when Allie has died. To protect what he has left Holden has made up his mind that he will be the one to protect what little innocents the world has left for the childrens. Physical harms are not the only things people needed to be protectsd from, they have to also worry about both emotionally and psychologically harm other people. Many types of research have shown children that have experienced their parents going through the divorce has many emotion and psychological effect. Children who are still young has the tendency to think that if their parent stop to love one another they will stop to love them as well and kids that are in grade school they will think that their parent divorce is their fault and kids that are in their teen usually be blaming one or both of their parents for what they have experience thought and cause mental breakdown. In the book Collateral Damage: Guiding and Protecting Your Child Through the Minefield of Divorce it has talked about how almost fifty percent of American citizen household has experience of having to live separately for even already divorced. With the quote â€Å"People at war with themselves will always cause collateral damage in the lives of those around them.† this has shown how when the parent is arguing with themselves the lives of their kids begin to fade away slowly. Protecting can also mean yourself you don’t have to protect but to protect yourself from something that might hurt you or even kill you. There are many books that talked about protecting other that goes into why the main character or the character we meet later on wanted to protect other. Work citation Works cited Driscoll, Carlos A., et al. â€Å"From Wild Animals to Domestic Pets, an Evoluti onary View of Domestication.† PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 16 June 2009. Morin, Amy, and Steven Gans. â€Å"What Are the Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children?†Verywell Family, â€Å"Food Chains and Food Webs Balance within Natural Systems Lesson.† Www.teachengineering.org. Ojibwa. â€Å"Buffalo Hunting on the Northern Plains.† Native American Netroots, 9 Mar. 2011. Elliott, Sarah K. â€Å"Antiques Roadshow.† PBS, Public Broadcasting Service, 25 May 2015. â€Å"Invasive Species | National Wildlife Federation.† The National Wildlife Federation. Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. National Association for Visually Handicapped, 1951 Hemingway ,Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Simon Schuster, 1952. 1955. Fitzgerald, F.Scott. The Great Gatsby. Penguin Books, 1950. Chirban, John T. Collateral Damage: Guiding and Protecting Your Child Through the Minefield of Divorce. Thomas Nelson Inc., 2017. Annotated bibliography Chirban, John T. Collateral Damage: Guiding and Protecting Your Child Through the Minefield of Divorce. Thomas Nelson Inc., 2017. Many as fifty percent of all American household has suffered through divorce but it not the parents that suffer it’s the children. Study have said that children whose parents have divorced suffered both mentally and emotionally. The best way to keep this from happening is to not have the children have the experience in the first place. Cisneros, Sandra. House on Mango Street. Jane Schaffer Publications, 1997. Told is a series of vignettes stunning for their eloquence, â€Å" The House on Mango Street† is a story about a little girl named Esperanza Cordero who is growing up in the Hispanic quarter of Chicago. For Esperanza Mango Street is a desolate landscape of concrete and run-down tenements, later on she discovered the harsh realities of life, the fetters of class and gender, the specter of racial enmity, the mysteries of sexualit, and many more others. With the thought and emotions in her poems and stories, she is able to rise up above hopelessness, and create herself â€Å" a House all my own†¦ quiet as snow, a space for myself to go,† in the midst of her oppressive surrounding. Fitzgerald, F.Scott. The Great Gatsby. Penguin Books, 1950. The book â€Å" The Great Gatsby† is the third book that F. Scott Fitzgerald have written. This exemplary novel of the jazz age has been acclaimed by the generations of reader. The story of the fabulously wealth of Jay Gatsby also known as James Gatz for his love of the beautiful Daisy Buchanan, of lavish parties on the long island at the time when The New York Times noted â€Å"gin was the national drinks and sex the national obsession,† it is an exquisitely crafted tale of the American in the 1920s. Hemingway ,Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Simon Schuster, 1952. 1955. The well written book â€Å"The Old Man and The sea† is one of the most taxing book that Ernest Hemingway has wrote. It is told in a language of great simplicity and power, it’s story follow an old man who is not having the best of luck, and his supreme ordeal and the relentless agonizing battle with the giant marling far out in the sea of gulf stream. Hemingway has recasts, in a strikingly contemporary style, the classic theme of courage in the face of defeat and the personal triumph won from the loss. Written in the year of 1952, this hugely successful navella confirmed his power and presence in the literary world and played a large part in Hemingway’s winning of the nobel prize for literature in 1954. Johnston, Jeffry W. The Truth. Sourcebooks Fire, 2016. The Truth is a about a character name Derek trying to discover the truth about the why his little brother is killed. His mined is made up, if he have to taking hostage of his brotherkiller then he’ll go to the extreme. Little did he know what he have got himself into. The truth of this secret is more dangerous then he will ever be able to handle. Salinger, J. D. The Catcher in the Rye. National Association for Visually Handicapped, 1951 The Catcher in the Rye follow a teenager named Holden Caulfield who has been expelled from prep school. Not wanting his parent to know, he went to New York to spend some time away from the real world and wait for christmas to come. He has counted many of the advencher he has done and seen many people who is phony in what they do.